情态动词又称为情态助动词。英语中助动词紧张有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be等;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气,可表达建议、哀求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变革。一、情态动词+动词完成式情态动词must, should, may(might), ought to, can(could), need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语,其模式为“modal verb+have+v-ed”。这类构造表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是,不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。1、must+have+v-ed和can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed“must+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测,常译为“一定”,“准是”,“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时,其否定形式常日不是must not, 而是can/could not.“can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测,常译为“决不可能”,“不太可能”。例:Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.经典练习:1、Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she____have studied very hard.A)mayB)shouldC)mustD)ought to2、You____her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks.A)needn’t have seenB)must have seenC)might have seenD)can’t have seen3、Mary____my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A)has receivedB)ought to have receivedC)couldn’t have receivedD)shouldn’t have received解析:1、答案选C。must have+v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生;may have+v-ed表示推测过去某事大概发生。Should/ought to have+v-ed表示“本该当…”根据句意,C为精确选项。2、答案选D。can’t have+v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测;needn’t+have+v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。根据句意D为精确选项。3、答案选C。根据本句的后半句otherwise she would have replied before now可知,前半句是一个表示与后半句相应的虚拟过去情形的句子。Can’t/couldn’t have v-ed表示过去不可能发生的事情。以是C为精确选项二、should/ought to +have+v-ed和shouldn’t/ought not to+have+v-ed“should/ought to+have+v-ed”表示过去该当做的事情却没有做,常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻,常译作“本应该…..”,“应该….就好了”。“shouldn’t/ought not to+have+v-ed”表示过去不该做的事却做了,也常含有责备、不满的意思,常译为“本不应该….”。例:With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.昨天晚上当所有的事情完成之后,我本来该当去参加聚会的。
例:You should not have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission.你昨天没有得到年夜夫的许可,不应该回去事情的。三、may/might+have+v-ed“may/might+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情的推测,但不十分肯定。Might比may语气缓和,口气更委婉;常译为“可能(或许)已经….”。例:A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt.昨天发生了一场交通事件,可能有个司机受了伤。四、could+have+v-ed“could+have+v-ed”表示过去有可能或有能力做某事,而实际未做、未能实现的事;有时也表示轻度批评,可译为“本来可以”。经典练习:1、I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I _____.A)hadB)would doC)should haveD)might have to2、With all his work on hand, he_____to the cinema last night.A)mustn’t goB)wouldn’t goC)oughtn’t goD)shouldn’t have gone3、By next summer he_____at Harvard University for five years.A)will have been studyingB)will studyC)have studiedD)will be studying解析:1、答案选C。本题第一句意义为:我上星期没有发出申请表。根据前后的逻辑意义,后一句应表示“我本该当发出”才是。C项省略了sent out,正合题意。2、答案选D。shouldn’t have gone 表示“本来不该去的,但实际去了”的含义,符合语法规则,以是D为精确选项。3、答案选A。“by(the end of )+将来韶光”涌如今句子中,句中谓语动词要用将来完成时或将来完成进行时来表达。以是A符合语法规则。五、needn’t+have+v-ed“needn’t+have+v-ed”表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,即表达“本没必要….”之意。例:You needn’t have done the washing up. I would have done it for you.你本可不必洗那些餐具,我会替你洗的。例:I needn’t have bought al that wine-only three people came.实在我没有必要买这么多酒,由于只来了三个人。六、情态动词+动词进行式“情态动词+动词进行式”即“情态动词+be+v-ing”,表示推测或评论某动作是否正在进行。例:He might still be playing basketball in the room.他可能还在屋子里打篮球。七、情态动词+动词完成进行式“情态动词+动词完成进行时”即“情态动词+have been+v-ing”,表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一贯在进行。例:They may have been discussing the problem this morning.本日上午他们可能一贯在谈论这个问题。
经典练习:1、I _____to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A)ought to have writtenB)must have writtenC)couldn’t have writtenD)needn’t have written2、You_____all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A)needn’t have doneB)must not have doneC)shouldn’t have doneD)can not have done3、This is one of the rarest questions that_____at such a meeting.A)has ever been raisedB)are raisedC)have ever been raisedD)is raised4、I will overlook ____so rude to my sister this time.But don’t let if happen again.A)you to beB)you to have beenC)your beingD)your having been解析:1、答案选D。本题because从句表达的意思是:由于他之后不久给我打电话了。那么主句所表达的意思为:我本不必给他写信的。 D项意为“本不必给他写信”,其它三项均不符合题意。2、答案选A。needn’t have done表示“本来不必要做,但实际上做了”的含义。符合题意。Must not 的意思是“不应、不可以”,后面一样平常不接完成式。其它几项也不符合题意。3、答案选C。that勾引的定语从句润色questions,定语从句中的谓语动词需用复数;在构造“this(that/it )is +形容词最高级+名词+定语从句”中, 从句谓语常日用完成时态。以是C为正解选项。4、答案选D。动词overlook在此意为“宽容”,哀求以动名词做宾语,可首先打消A、B两项;韶光状语this time 表示动名词动作已经发生,而且发生在谓语动作之前,以是须用动名词完成式,以是D项为正解选项。Practice today:Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences1、Dinosaurs are thought to____millions of years agoA)die outB)have died outC)having died outD)dying out2、When Jim____his own house, he will install built-in stereo speakers in every room.A)hasB)will haveC)hadD)had been答案与解析:1、答案选B。像be believed/found/known/reported/said/supposed/thought后常跟不定式完成式,表达“据知,据宣布”等意思,不定式的动作发生在被动构造(谓语动作)所表示的动作之前。根据语法哀求B为精确选项。2、答案选A。当主句以将来时涌现时,从句采取一样平常现在时来表示一样平常将来时,采取现在完成表示将来完成时。只有A符合语法规则。